Air pollution's effects extend to hormonal and reproductive health. Large-scale evidence now links long-term exposure to changes in the menstrual cycle.
General
Tracking 2.2 million menstrual cycles from 92,550 app users across three countries, researchers found each 10 µg/m³ of long-term PM2.5 exposure raised the odds of abnormal cycle length by 2.3%, with abnormally long cycles most affected (deSouza et al., 2025).
